Ecofeminist analysis Essay Example

Ecofeminist analysis Essay Before echo-feminism becomes a theory, Lawrence Insists on building harmonious and balanced relationships both between man and nature, and between men and women. Such avocation accords with echo-feminist appeal for eliminating the domination-subordination relationships and building equal and sustainable man- nature, man-woman relationships in the world. Therefore, his works embody echo- feminist characteristics. The study on Lawrence has never been suspending. There are some monographs and articles published overseas that make specific study on Lawrence short stories. For instance, D. H. Lawrence Critical Assessments, which provides a thorough and useful collection of many early reviews of Lawrence works. Noticeably, there is an article Lawrence Second Sun in which the author discusses the two different editions of Sun and points out the theme of the story. Domestically, scholars study Lawrence Sun from different perspectives. Inclined(2010) analyzes the ecological Ideas In the story in hisEcological Interpretation of Lawrence Sun. In the article Pursuing the Summon of NatureSymbols used In Lawrence Sun, Pan Wangle(2012) Interprets the symbolism of the characters and natural scenes In the short story. Wang Lei and Us Yang(2013) analyze the short story from two aspects, that is, the common tragedy of women and nature and womens turning to nature for help in their work Lawrence Sun?from the Perspective of Echo-feminism. In the work On Echo-feminism in Lawrence Short Stories, Wang Yapping(2010) discusses the natural links and similarities between women and nature in three short stories, Sun included. Lawrence has been regarded as the prophet of echo-feminism for he embodies his echo-feminist thoughts throughout his works. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecofeminist analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ecofeminist analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ecofeminist analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since the echo-feminism has been adopted In some researches on Lawrence other literary works and the related research on his short story Sun Is quite few, It Is meaningful to study Lawrence short stories from such a perspective. This paper will concentrate on Interpreting Lawrence Sun from the echo-feminist point of view. It will try to Illustrate Lawrence attitudes towards man-nature and women-men relationships. In this way, it aims to prove his echo-feminist consciousness in the Sun. Specifically, his echo- feminist thoughts will be interpreted in terms of the symbolic links between sun and Juliet?the heroin; the integration of Juliet and sun; Gullets awakening with the help of sun; and Gullets rebel against the patriarchal society. It can be seen from the interpretation that Lawrence embodies his echo-feminist thoughts in the Sun and he is the prophet of echo-feminism. 1. 1 A Brief Introduction to Echo-feminism Echo-feminism emerged in the sass and got flourished in the sass. The term of echo- feminism was first coined by French feminist Francoise debauching in 1974. Based upon the development of ecology and feminism, coffee-monism represents the first union of the two theories. Echo-feminism connects the exploitation and domination of women with that of the environment, and argues that there is a connection between women and nature. Echo-feminists advocates building harmonious and sustainable relationships in the universe, both between man and nature, and between men and women. In order to protect both women and nature, echo-feminists devote themselves to overthrowing the oppressive conceptual framework (Warren 46), which is the dualistic system of patriarchy. Moreover, echo-feminists believe that nature and women are closely connected with each other. In the patriarchal society, women and tauter are enduring the same unequal treatment because of their marginal position. Therefore, echo-feminists insist on the unity of nature and women when it comes to problems of the ecological crisis and feminist liberation. 1. 2 Lawrence: the Prophet of Echo-feminism Lawrence is considered as a prophet of echo-feminism. On the one hand, he attempted to criticize the industrial civilization in a bitter way. He believed it was the civilization that had damaged the nature, the social relations and peoples spiritual mind; therefore, human beings should get away from civilization. On the other hand, e appreciated highly the natural scenes which brought vitality back to human beings. The harmonious and vigorous state in nature made a sharp contrast with the oppressed and dull industrial society. Lawrence held completely negative attitudes towards civilization and called upon man to return to nature. Besides, Lawrence has always pondered over woman-nature relationships. He shows a great sympathy towards both nature and women because they suffered a lot from the patriarchal society. The thoughts revealed in Lawrence works correspond with echo-feminism, such as the links between women and nature, the oneness of women and nature, omens awakening with the help of nature. Similar to echo-feminists, he rebels against the patriarchal society for its domination imposed upon women and nature. In his works, he advocates the freedom and equal rights of women and nature to rebel against the patriarchal industrial society. For Lawrence, his ultimate goal is to feminist features. It makes him a prophet for echo-feminism. II An Echo-feminist Interpretation of Women-Nature Relationship in the Sun 2. . The Symbolic Links between Juliet and Sun Nature and woman are symbolically connected with each other. Susan Griffin, in her kook Women and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her, states the fundamental views about the symbolic links between nature and women. He says that woman talks with nature; that she can hear voice from the earth; that wind blows and the tree whisper to her; that th e dead speak by her mouth and the cries of infants, they are so clear to her(12). In the short story Sun, Lawrence presented the symbolic links between sun and the heroine specifically and vividly. The heroine, Juliet, had lived in New York for a long time and suffered from depression. The doctor suggested that she should take sun bath on Sicily, a sunny Italian island. Juliet, along with her son and mother, left her husband Maurice and got rid of the bustling industrial world. At the beginning of the story, Juliet was skeptical about the sunbathing therapy. Her attitude towards the sun was passive because she did not believe it would cure or even benefit her. However, when she saw the naked sun rising from the sea-level, a mysterious impulsion stirred up in her inner world. She wanted to go to the sun, nakedly. So the desire sprang secretly in her, to be naked to the sun. She cherished her desire like a secret. She wanted to come together with the sun (425). After taking sunbathing overall times, she realized that it was not Just taking sun-baths. It was more than that. Something deep inside her unfolded and relaxed, which gave her a cosmic influence. She was put into connection with the sun, and the stream flowed of itself, from her womb. She herself, her conscious self, was secondary, a secondary person, almost an onlooker. 431) Juliet established intimate relationship with the sun and she regarded it as her rescuer and lover. When Juliet referred to the sun, she would use the personal pronoun he instead of it. And he was full and naked. And she wanted to come to him (425). In her mind, she regarded the sun as an energetic and vigorous man. The definite article the was omitted from the title of the short story, implying that the sun was personified as a man, a superman. Thus, the intimate relationship between her and sun embodies womens symbolic links with the nature. 2. 2. The Integration of Juliet and Sun In the prologue of Susan Griffins book, Women and Nature: The Roaring inside Her, she writes: We know that our selves are composed by earth, and the earth itself is constituted by our bodies, because we understand ourselves. We are nature; we are the nature understanding nature. We are the nature have a natural view. Nature is crying, saying to itself(1 1). It can be seen from this epic-like poem that women can understand nature, integrate with nature and be nature. In the story Sun, the integrating process of the sun and heroin was gradually presented. Bathing in the sun became Gullets private rite in which she dated with her lover. Juliet, like an exhausted goddess, needed to have a rest under the sun to regain the energy. She chose a powerful cypress tree as her sun bathing site. She sat under the tree, took off all the clothes and enjoyed the sun-bathing. During the first several times she felt embarrassed: She sat and offered her bosom to the sun, sighing, even now, with a certain hard pain, against the cruelty of having to give herself (426). Besides, she could not feel the sun. However, she began to feel the warmth of the sunshine. She felt the sun inside them, warmer that ever love had been, warmer than milk or the hands of her baby'(426). Whats more, the sun was generous and tolerant. He did not mind Gullets unwilling attitude towards him. He faced down to her with blue body of fire, and enveloped her breasts and her face, her throat, her tired belly, her knees, her thighs and her feet( 426). The flame of the sun had the po wer to revive ones body and soul. She could feel the sun penetrating even into her bones; nay, farther, even into her emotions, her thoughts (426). At this moment, she became integrated with the sun physically. With the development of the story, she was integrated with nature mentally. She began to communicate with the sun. The depressed emotions began to disappear and the cold dark clots of her thoughts began to dissolve in her heart. Her weary, chilled heart was melting, and in melting, evaporating (426). She gradually regained the holy power of the sun and came to life. In the chapter three of the story, there was an episode when Juliet and her son met the snake. To readers surprise, Juliet was not afraid of the frightening creature and was very calm. Some stillness of the sun in her reassured him (432). The reason why she appeared still towards the snake was that she considered the snake as their friend, a part of the nature. The curious careless power of the sun filled her, filled the whole place like a observed that Juliet understood that she was a part of nature and she loved every other part of nature. 2. 3. Womens Awakening with the Help of Nature Michael L. Ross points out in his article Lawrence second Suncollected in the D. H. Lawrence Critical Assessments that: Lawrence endeavors to achieve a definitive fictional statement of one of his essential themes: the reawakening of a womans vital self(457). Lawrence believes that the sun has the power to reach old roots of human consciousness and the depth of souls that man knows nothing of. It has the holy power to cure human beings and to give them a new life. In the second chapter of the story, Lawrence described the sun-bathing process in details. When Juliet noticed re rosy body turned to gold, she realized that she became another person. She was like another person. She was another person (429). She became healthier and more beautiful and began to appreciate her body. The strong sense of being a woman flooded through her body. Her tensed womb was slowly unfolding, like a lily bud under water, as the sun mysteriously touched it And it was slowly rising to the sun, to expand at last, to the sun, only to the sun (428). Besides, the sun helped Juliet find her true self. When she was in New York, she was unable to feel anything real, with all her anger and frustration inside her. However, facing to the sun, she showed her nature as a woman. A tacit understanding between her and her lover had been achieved: with her knowledge of the sun, and her conviction that the sun was gradually penetrating her to know her (428). Juliet became detached and superior. She was another woman, contemptuous of those people who were UN-sunned, like grave-yard worms (428). Finally, the sun chased the passive emotions out from Gullets inner world and cured her, thus, Juliet changed her view on the surroundings. Before she arrived at the island, its a big torment for her to take care of her son. It dad her feel that the child was irritating her and preying on her peace of mind. However, she changed her attitude towards her son after taking sun-bath. When her son came to her and calling in peculiar bird-like little anguish of want, she was surprised that her heart felt none of the anxious love-tension in return. All in all, the sun had the power to rescue Juliet. The vitality and dignity of life came back to Juliet, rescued by the sun: he could shine on a million people, and still be the radiant, splendid, unique sun, focused on her alone (428). Lawrence took the sun as the redeemer of this dispirited world. Ill. An Echo-feminist Interpretation of Men-Women Relationship 3. 1 Gullets Rebel against His Husband one another bitterly. She could not endure the monotonous life in the apartment in New York with her husband, so she accepted the advice of sunbathing, which was an action of escape. They were hostile to each other, like two engines running at variance, they shattered one another (424). It can be seen from the description that they were in an unhappy marriage and they might quarrel or even fight with each other. He was thinking of her in New York flat, pale, silent, oppressing him terribly. He was he soul of gentle timidity, in his human relations, and her silent, awful hostility after the baby was born, had frightened him deeply. 439) Gullets oppressive silence in the New York flat was her soundless rebel against the dull life. She regarded her husband, the new born baby and the urban environment as the root of the depression. The responsibility to take care of the family members haunted her all the time, hindering her aspirations towards freedom and nature. When her husband went to Sicily to look at her , she boldly told her husband that she would not come back to New York. l cant go back; I cant go back on this sun (439). Faced with her wifes resolution and independence, Maurice agreed: This kind of thing suits you. You are splendid. No, I dont think you can go back (439). The requirements show her rebel against the patriarchal society, her determination to get rid of the oppressed self. 3. 2 Passion between Juliet and the Sun Man In the story, the author depicted a sun man?the Italian peasant. The peasants appearance was in a sharp contrast to Americas in the short story. The peasant had a broad red face instead of a pale one. His hair was full of the cleanliness of health, different from the black-and-grey hair of Maurice. After taking sunbathing and encountering with the sun man, Juliet was hopelessly in love with him. When she first met with the peasant, there was a fire him which burned her all through the body. Then his eyes met hers, and she felt the blue fire running through her limbs to her womb, which was spreading in the helpless ecstasy. Still they looked into each others eyes, and the fire flowed between them, like the blue, streaming fire from the heart of the sun. (433) The word fire was used three times in the above quotation. The peasant was the origin of the fire, igniting Juliet and spreading into her. Gullets desire was aroused in this real world by a real man. She found out the passion in herself and wanted to be involved with the peasant who was the symbol of the sun in Gullets chilly world. If falling in love with the sun in the heaven was Just Gullets fantasy, the Italian peasant was not Just her imagination. She even imagined having the peasants baby. Juliet thought: Why shouldnt I go to him! Why shouldnt bear his child? It would be like bearing a child to the unconscious sun and the unconscious earth, a child like a peasant, but also her rebel against the patriarchal society. Conclusion In Lawrence short stories, the natural scenes exert a positive influence to human beings. Man could be cured or saved physically and mentally with their help. They could scatter away depressions and frustrations, such as the sun in the short story Sun. The heroine Juliet regained vigor and power after taking sunbathing. Those who seldom kept in touch with the sun were lifeless, gloomy and depressed, making a sharp contrast with those lived in nature. Gullets husband and the peasant in the island were the most apparent contrast. Besides, Lawrence endows natural scenes with mans characteristics. He believed that man could gain harmony, energy and vitality from those natural elements. In the story, the sun acted as a gentle and masculine lover, communicating with the heroine Juliet by radiating his warmth and driving away depressive feelings inside her. By taking sunbathing, Juliet became another person and found out the real meaning of life. In the story, the sun had been personified to rescue human beings. He was tolerate, charming and considerate; more importantly, he was masculine, inspiring Gullets sexual desire. The sun in the short story enjoys equal status with human beings and it has been personified. It caches the heroins deepest consciousness, brings new vitality to her, and awakens her human instincts and self-awareness. Lawrence has contributed a lot for echo- feminism with a new insight about women-nature relationship. In his literary realm, he advocates a harmonious society in which man and nature, men and women could coexist in a harmonious and healthy way. His thought is ahead of his time with great echo-feminist consciousness.

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buy custom Congenital Disorders essay Mutation refers to the process whereby theres a sudden change in a given cell. This change happens spontaneously. It is the permanent change in the hereditary material of an organisms life. A genes DNA sequence determines the way an organism looks like, how it behaves and the organisms physiological make-up. Therefore, a change in the DNA sequence will result in the alteration of various aspects of an organisms life. Mutation causes an alteration in the amino acid sequence of the protein that undergoes genetic encoding. Very many different types of mutations are in existence, they range from chromosomal mutations to single base pair alteration of a DNA sequence. The occurrence of mutation in genes may prevent the synthesis of a particular protein or may cause a change in the proteins level of expression if found in gene promoter areas (Leitner, 2004). If within a gene mutation occurs close to the splice regions in introns, an incorrect protein will be produced and the process of splicing will be disrupted. Most changes however are repaired quickly by the use of the DNA repair system. In cases where this repair system fails to efficiently repair the mutation that has taken place, there have been some diverse outcomes; strong and fit organisms as well as a number of genetic disorders in some cases. Thalidomide It is a drug that was first introduced as a sedative that was sold to people over the counter. It is mostly used to treat myeloma. Later on pregnant women started using it to combat dizziness, insomnia, anxiety and morning sickness unaware of the effects it had on their fetuses. It is also used for the treatment of leprosy. Thalidomide intake would lead to a number of birth defects for pregnant women. The drug worked by altering new blood vessels process of growth and development in a developing baby, thus the birth defects. As a drug, thalidomide is being experimented by scientists for the treatment of various serious illnesses and disorders. So far there has been a good response as regards its use in the treatment of severe cases of ulcers of the throat and of the mouth, especially in people living with AIDS and for the treatment of ulcers of the genitals and mouth among Behcet patients. The drug was approved in the treatment of multiple myeloma and erythema nodosum leprosum. However, caution has been taken to ensure it is not made available or diagnosed to women who are expectant (Williams, 2011). Birth defects Thalidomide as a drug was associated with neuropathy and teratogenicity. During its development, the drug was not thought of being able to pass through the placental barrier between the mother and her developing fetus to cause harm to the fetus. However, the drug had several effects on the developing fetus making the babies to be born with several deformities that included phocomelia, aplasia, and genital malformation among others. For instance, a baby would be born with a normal head, a normal trunk and shortened limbs or at times lack limbs. Other problems that might result include kidney abnormalities, small eyes or absence of eyes altogether, heart defects, mental retardation, facial paralysis, malformation of the ears and of the digestive tract and even gastrointestinal abnormalities. Mechanism The working of thalidomide is a process that has not fully been understood by many people. It is thought of as being the mechanism that leads to the inhibition of TNF-alpha. By enhancing the process of TNF-alpha mRNA degradation Thalidomide reduces the production of TNF-alpha. The immune system too gets affected by Thalomides action such that the surface adhesion molecules on epidermal cells and endothelial cells are controlled. Down regulation of key histocompatibility antigens that are also found on these cells also takes place as a result. The end result of all this is therefore a reduction in the T-helper cells flowing, an increase in the T-suppressor cells in circulation and modification of the integrin receptors together with other receptors. Generally the mechanism of thalidomide is regarded as being linked to the properties of angiogenesis. People have therefore assumed that the drug works by reducing TNF-alpha production, modulating integrins, changing the ratio of T-cell derived cytokines, regulating the production of interleukin and angiogenesis inhibition. Teratogenic effects As earlier mentioned, Thalidomide causes birth defets when it is used by pregnant mothers. Phocomelia which is characterized by failure of the development of long bones in the limbs as well as other deformities such as eye defects, gastrointestinal disorders, external ear malformation and malformations of the digestive tract might also occur. Cyclopamine (Cyclops) Hedgehog signaling Cyclopamine is a chemical belonging to the alkaloids steroidal jerveratrum and is known to occur naturally. It is known to cause serious birth defects as a teratogen. It can cause holopresencephaly, a situation in which the fetal brain is prevented from undergoing division so that there are two lobes. It works by suppressing the hedgehog gene causing this and the development of only one eye. It influences the balance between the inactive and active types of the smoothened protein leading to the inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Birth defects, mechanism and teratogenic effects The resulting effects of cyclopamine include craniofacial malformations, malformation of an organisms skeletal structure and malformations of the tracheal system. Craniofacial defects are said to be as a result of the blockage of the sonic hedgehog signaling thus inhibiting normal movement of the cell in the developing embryo. Both veratrum californicum and cyclopamine-4-ene-3-one steroidal alkaloids affect the maturation of the oocyte and thus interfere with the subsequent development process of the embryo. Currently, scientists are investigating cyclopamine for any abilities to treat multiple myeloma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma. In its mechanism, cyclopamine inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway within cells (US National Library of Medicine, 2011). This pathway is important to the cells in that it can be used by them to be able to respond to any chemical signs from outside. Incase this pathway is interfered with; the process of embryonic development will be affected thus leading to certain deformities. It has thus been established that cyclopamine can be used to turn around certain problems and provide a treatment for a number of diseases, for example cancer. Teratogens These refer to any agents that are capable of causing disturbance to the embryonic or fetal development thus leading to birth defects in the infant. It is also possible that a teratogen can out rightly halt a given pregnancy. Teratogens can be classified into drugs, maternal infections, radiation and chemicals. Pregnant women should be careful not to use unnecessary drugs or even alcohol as these might have teratogenic effects that will interfere with the development of the embryo in their wombs. In certain instances, the medication diagnosed to a pregnant mother to treat certain complications might also be a teratogen. Care should thus be taken especially by the health specialist to provide an alternative treatment where possible. Lactating mothers might also expose their children to the dangers of teratogens through breastfeeding since some of them can be passed through breast milk. The best solution in such a case is the use of formula feeding. Williams (2011) asserts that during gestation, teratogens are known to work with specificity by causing specific types of abnormalities during specific periods. A case in point is carbamazepine that causes neural tube defects whereas thalidomide leads to limb phocomelia in an infant. Certain drugs such as aspirin are not teratogenic when used by humans but have teratogenic effects on rats and mice. Thalidomide on the other hand has a different effect on the different species. It was found out that Thalidomide was not teratogenic in rats, no wonder its effect on humans was overlooked leading to tragic outcomes that involved human morbidity. Only when sufficient amounts of teratogenic substances are able to reach the developing conceptus that the teratogenic effects can be felt. Factors affecting the transfer of teratogens across the placenta to the embryonic-fetal bloodstream and subsequently cause teratogenic effects include the solubility of lipids, molecular weights of the substances, the availability of a given protein carrier and polarity (Leitner, 2004). The resultant effect of a teratogen is dependent upon the stage of development within which the embryo is exposed to the substance. Generally, in humans, teratogenicity is determined by the existence of the teratogen during organogenesis of the organ system in question, the presence of a recognizable sequence of anomalies, statistically higherr level of prevalence of a certain abnormality within those exposed to the teratogen than in the controls, prior to the teratogens introduction within a population theres a lower level of the anomalys occurrence and the facilitation of teratogenicity in experimental animals through the administration of the teratogen during organogenesis. Cancer Cancer falls under a large group of diseases marked by the growth and proliferation of abnormal cells as a result of uncontrolled cell division. Tumors are caused by the growth of these cells into masses of tissue. Normal tissues are destroyed after they have been invaded by cancer cells. Cancer is known to be a genetic sickness caused by mutations that take place in somatic cells due to mutagens that damage the DNA. Genetic Mutations usually cause conversion of a number of normal genes that are involved in the growth, development and differentiation of the cells into oncogenes that cause cancer. Cancer can also be caused by the knocking out of suppressor genes by genetic mutations. Cancer is caused by a multi-step process that is characterized by the interaction of genes and the environment they are exposed to. Cancer cells spread within an organisms body through local growth of the cancerous tumor and the detachment of a number of cells which then travel via the lymphatic system and the blood to other body parts to develop other tumors there. Metastasis which is the proliferation of cancer cells may be localized in one part of the body. However, the lack of treatment might cause the cancer cells to spread further to other body parts and thus affect the entire body and lead to death. For a cell to become cancerous, it must undergo the process of activation of five key pathways that include the growth stimulatory signals, growth inhibitory signals, apoptosis resistance, infinite proliferative capacity and angiogenic latent. Generally, cancer is an environmental disease caused by such factors as radiation, tobacco, environmental pollutants and diet accompanied by a genetic influence. These environmental factors are known to affect the genetic make up of the cells thus causing abnormalities. A given percentage of cancer is usually hereditarily inherited. The good thing however is that there is a number of treatments for this condition, for example chemotherapy, surgery and even radiotherapy. According to www.medicalnewstoday.com (2000) depending on the type of cell a given tumor resembles, cancer can be classified into sarcoma, blastoma, carcinoma, lymphoma and germ cell tumor. Blastoma is common in small children and occurs in immature embryonic tissue. Carcinoma is linked to epithelial cells and includes prostate cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer. Sarcoma cancer on the other hand is associated with mesenchymal cells whereas lymphoma cancer is derived from blood forming cells known as hematopoietic cells specifically starting from the immune system. The cancer found in the ovarian and testicle regions among adults is the germ cell tumor. It also occurs in small children and is usually derived from pluripotent cells. Hanahan (2000) explains that symptoms of this disease are dependent on the cancer type and its location in the human body. For example, in the case of colon cancer, the symptoms include blood in the stool, diarrhea and constipation. Certain kinds of cancer may completely lack symptoms while others may have symptoms that apparently can not be seen physically. Since the body energy is usurped by cancer cells to an extent that the normal hormonal function is interfered with, an individual would experience symptoms such as anemia, weight loss, fever and excessive sweating. When metastasis occurs certain newer symptoms can be observed in the region affected. Seizures, vertigo and headache might result if this cancer gets to the brain. Conclusion Though much information about genetic mutation is not yet out, basically it is known to involve the change in the genetic sequence of an organism. Various factors such as exposure to chemicals, viruses and radiations might cause genetic mutation during hyper mutation and meiosis processes. Teratogenic effects such as birth defects and other abnormalities can result due to the alteration of the DNA sequence in an individuals body. These might be due to chemicals such as drugs that one is exposed to, for example the effect Thalidomide has on individuals. Cyclopamine too is a chemical that affects the DNA sequence in an organism thus causing certain undesirable characteristics to occur. Buy custom Congenital Disorders essay

2000 notional key incidents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

2000 notional key incidents - Essay Example Thesis statement: An analysis, with the help of 3 case studies, to unearth the impact of Induction Standards on teaching-learning process. The primary aim of an individual teacher in the classroom environment is to develop professional and constructive relationships with his/her learners. So, I selected James, who is a year eight Special educational needs (SEN) registered student. Besides, he did not show any hesitation to describe himself as a tough boy with incorrectly worn uniform and a banned hoodie with a big pocket. He did not show any sign of cooperation with his peers or even with his Teaching Assistant. As he was physically strong, he used to intimidate his peers and staff. When the Teaching Assistant asks him a question, he used to behave aggressively. But I very well knew that communication and cooperation with students will lead to proper discipline in the classroom environment. As a teacher, I have to win back the class but without ignoring James. So, I planned lessons to accommodate James into the classroom activities. I organized a debate on the topic ‘my design is better than yours because’. Then I divided the class into two and included James in the second group. Then I supplied a roll of cello-tape for the first group and an electrical plug for the second group. Both the groups became active and began to develop their own designs. But my primary aim of the debate was to guide James to be cooperative in classroom activities. I very well knew that James was so interested in Sports, especially football. So, I introduced a small practice debate on the theme ‘Manchester United is better than Chelsea because?’ and introduced the rules and processes of the same. I made use of Behaviour management techniques and strategies in the classroom in an innovative way by inculcating innovative learning experiences and activities. I joined as a member of James’ team in the debate and motivated him to

The UK Now Needs a Written Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The UK Now Needs a Written Constitution - Essay Example A concise but broadly-worded constitution can help to achieve more political objectives and flexibility, but it cannot avoid conflicts between legislature and judiciary. Moreover, Britain’s integration in the European Union calls for clearer and codified legal arrangements for the country. Hence, there is the general feeling today that the UK now needs a fully written constitution. Arguments against a Written Constitution As early as the 1970s, Lord Halisham asserted that the UK required a written constitution to protect the country from a possible takeover by the communists particularly at the level of lawmaking and policy manipulation. In the view of the worldwide agenda of Soviet expansionism and ideological intrusion inside the British intelligentsia, such a possibility could not be ruled out too. However, situation changed dramatically in the 1990s, and today the communist threat does not appear to be materialistic any more. Further, the renowned legal expert Barber comments that â€Å"The United Kingdom is in the unusual position of having an unwritten constitution that works passably well—sufficiently well, at least, to allow us to consider whether we want a new constitution.† Critics of a written constitution for the UK hold that such an arrangement may lead to serious disruption of the functionality of legislature and judiciary both alike.... power to decide or enforce fix tenure parliaments5 or command how a minister should behave overriding the directives of the already existing Ministerial Code.6 7 Britain’s integration in the European Union is another important issue in this sphere. Presently, Britain has a highly undefined relationship with the EU, since the unwritten constitution provides it with an opportunity of not codifying the fundamental tenets of its foreign policy. In the case R. v Secretary of State for Transport Ex. p. Factortame (No. 2)8, the House of Lords did not effectively clarify the legal dimensions of the relationship between the British and EU legal practices. With relation to this case, the position of the UK merchant shipping legislation framework9 has been left largely unclear vis-a-vis the EU specifications. Similarly, there are certain points of conflict and confusion regarding the human rights laws10, effectiveness of European laws inside the UK11, etc. Some legal experts consider the se sorts of vagueness actually provide enough flexibility even inside the orbit of European influence and eliminate the risk of forced political choices.12 13 14 Reasons to have a Written Constitution A written constitution would not only involve codification of the existing rules and conventions but also provide with an opportunity to reform the constitutional framework of the country as a whole. A written constitution would curb the excessive powers of the Parliament and safeguard the popular interests in front of aggressive political constitutionalism. Contextually, â€Å"The realisation that parliamentarians had the power to fix their own remuneration and their evident incompetence in managing their expenses gave substance to the view that a fundamental review of our constitutional

Consultancy advice for the supplynetwork and process Essay

Consultancy advice for the supplynetwork and process - Essay Example It therefore recommends the direct delivery of customized orders to clients from Bang & Olufsen's headquarters through a fast and trusted airlifting courier service. Also, it recommends the use of strong and reliable forecasting techniques to ensure that the demand for small and mass produced items are monitored in the various retail outlets around the world and shipments made at the right time to prevent shortages. The consultant also recommends the formation of a Design/Innovation Management unit in Bang & Olufsen to help in the integration of IdeaLab as a emergent as well as a primary/pure innovation unit. This way, IdeaLab can live above the conflicts and become a major player in Bang & Olufsen without going through too much conflicts. Supply Network Design There is the need for the design of a new supply network design. This new design and this new network must focus on customizing and supplying directly to the small niche of customers who account for over 70%. It should also fo cus on improving the shop design system for the large segment of customers who buy single items or in smaller quantities. Large/Customized Buyers The new supply network design must seek to always keep in touch with these customers and get an idea of what they want and prepare their positions to order the right type and volume of stocks to produce from these customers at a short notice. This can be done by using the customer relations management system to communicate regularly with the customers and find out their concerns. Once this kind of information can be ascertained, various units of the customization system can be mobilized to take the right steps even before orders are taken. Based on this forecast system, components can be ordered and delivered in anticipation of demand. In cases where the forecast show longer periods between orders, the plant in Koprivnice and on site should be programmed to be able to put the vital components together in the shortest period of five days so that they can be obtained just when they are needed. The Assembling department should maintain its production period of 1 day to ensure that all order details and quality functions are met so that the reputation of Bang & Olufsen remains intact. However, it is recommended that the use of retail outlets be eliminated from the process. It is ideal that the headquarters in Denmark maintains a direct link with these larger consumers and ship directly to them without using retail outlets. This will reduce the lead time between the consumers and the retail outlets for larger clients. It is also recommended that Bang & Olufsen uses a fast and reliable courier company that has a global reach for shipment of customized goods. An ideal courier company is one that uses airlines to move goods from one point to the other over all the continents. If this arrangement is in place, orders can be taken and assembled in one day and shipped upon arrival at the customer center. This will eliminate the one day waiting period at the customer center and the three days of transit to the retail outlets. This will save the customers a four-day period of waiting! In summary, the following supply network systems must be adopted for large buyers and customized orders: 1. Large orders should be directly sent to the global headquarters as soon as it is made anywhere in the world. 2. The assembling plant must always ensure that components for goods in demand are always in stock and there is a production cycle for that. 3. Shipping should be made directly from the headquarters to customized clients through the use of a global courier with a good reputation of delivery quickly. Smaller/Mass Produced Orders Although Bang & Olufsen head office will try to eliminate

Reviewing The Issues Of Software Systems Information Technology Essay

Reviewing The Issues Of Software Systems Information Technology Essay In this paper I am particularly focus on the issue of failure in relation to that group of software systems known as information systems. Then I am going to discuss two well-known cases that of the London ambulance service computer-aided dispatch system (L ) project and The London stock exchange (TAURUS) project, and describe strong failure factors of information systems failure. My purpose is also to use the generic material on IS failure and the specific details of this particular case study to critique the issues of safety, Literature review Like most computing professionals in the UK we were aware of the failure, using this term broadly, of the computer aided dispatch (CAD) system deployed by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) in, or shortly after, For orientation a short sketch of the report follows. There have been a number of other analyses of the LAS CAD system failure of which Mellor (1994) is probably the most useful. The London Ambulance System Disaster, 1992 Overview The basic functionality of the intended LASCAD system was as follows: British Telecom (BT) operators would route all 999 calls concerning medical emergencies as a matter of routine to LAS headquarters (HQ) in Waterloo. 18 HQ receivers were then expected to record on the system the name, telephone number and address of the caller, and the name, destination address and brief details of the patient. This information would then be transmitted over a local area network to a locator. The system was lightly loaded at start-up on 26 October 1992. Any problems, caused particularly by the communications systems (such as ambulance crews pressing the wrong buttons, or ambulances being radioed in black spots), could be effectively managed by staff. However, as the number of ambulance incidents increased, the amount of incorrect vehicle information recorded by the system increased. This had a knock-on effect in that the system made incorrect allocations on the basis of the information it had. For example, multiple vehicles were sent to the same incident, or the closest vehicle was not chosen for dispatch. As a consequence, the system had fewer ambulance resources to allocate. The system also placed calls that had not gone through the appropriate protocol on a waiting list and generated exception messages for those incidents for which it had received incorrect status information. Indeed, the number of exception messages appears to have increased to such an extent the staf f were not able to clear the queue. It became increasingly difficult for staff to attend to messages that had scrolled off the screen. The increasing size of the queue slowed the system. Factors Contributed to Such a Disaster Managerial failure Technical failure Human failure Managerial failure LAS management ignored or chose not accept advice provided to it from many sources outside of the service on the time table or the high risk of the comprehensive systems requirement The project did not show, or discuss with, the LAS Board independence references on the lead CAD contractor, that raised doubts on their ability to handle such a major project The LAS boards were given a misleading impression, by the project team of the previous experience of the lead contractor in emergency service system In awarding the contract for CAD to a small software house, with no previous experience of similar systems, LAS management were taking higher risk Project management throughout the development and implantation process was inadequate and at times ambiguous. A major system integration project such as CAD requires full time. Professional, experienced project management, this was lacking There was incomplete ownership of the system by the majority of it users. The many problems identified with many of the system components over the preceding months had installed an atmosphere of system destruct in which staff expected system to fail rather than willing it to succeed LAS board and RHA management, whilst realizing that there were continuing problems with the implementation of CAD, consistently accepted assurances from executive directors that problems were being rectified and that successful implementation would be achieved at no time was a full independent review commissioned of the true state of the project Technical failure LAS fail to follow the PRINCE project Management Method in the set up and operation of an information Technology (IT) executive committee, project board, project management team and project assurance team: London Ambulance Service The CAD system relied on near perfect information on vehicle location and status being available to it at all times. The project team failed to appreciate fully the impact that a higher level of imperfection would have on the system The system was not fully tested to a satisfactory level of quality and resilience before full implementation on 26 October 1992 On 26 and 27 October 1992 the computer system itself did not fail in a technical sense. Response times did on occasions become unacceptable, but overall the system did what it had been designed to do. However, much of the design had fatal flaws that would, and did, cumulatively lead to all of the symptoms of systems failure On 4 November 1992 the system did fail. This was caused by a minor programming error that caused the system to crash The automatic change over to the backup system had not been adequately tested, those the whole system was brought down Human failure Training provided to CAD staff and to ambulance crews was incomplete and inconsistent LAS management consultancy attributed CAD problems to willful misuse of the system by some ambulance crews. There is no direct evidence of this, but the circumstantial evidence that does exist indirect to the Inquiry Team that it would have been only one of the many contributory factors that led to the CAD failure In the period leading up to an including 26 and27 October 1992 there were insufficient control assistants taking emergency call. This contributed to an unacceptable level of calling times. This has since been rectified Conclusion Failure was due to a complex mix of factors Participation alone is not sufficient but helps! Expectation of failure plays a part does not meet the needs of the stakeholders Systems should strive to meet the shared goals needs of the different stakeholders LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE (TAURUS) FAILURE Introduction The London stock exchange is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world with numerous foreign listings as well as British organizations In 1989 the London Stock Exchange (LSE) put forward a proposal for a computerized system to ensure that share certificates and cash changed hands between the interested parties after the trading transaction; implicit in this was the dematerialization of stock certificates. It was a big project with hundreds of staff contracted in and lots of external pressures from various different stakeholders. The initial goals of the system were 4 folded. Competitive Efficiency Cost Service What TAURUS Team did wrong? Lack of executive and stakeholders support Based on the problems encountered it seem that the project manager was not that experience Have a large expanding scope Went ahead with the implementation of a system with lack of user and stakeholders commitment. Lack of skilled resources and clear complete specs. Reason for TAURUS Collapse Poor monitoring and controlling Monitoring a project work includes collecting, measuring, and disseminating performance information. If TAURUS management had good monitoring and control practices they would have known when they project was not meeting project objectives Poor management of the nine project management knowledge areas Knowledge Areas TAURUS project managers managed the nine project management knowledge areas poorly Scope: If they had managed the scope of the project effective the huge scope creep would not have been encountered. Cost: If this was managed effectively the project would not have gone over budget 100% Time: If this area had been manage effective the project would not have had a schedule overrun by 100% Quality: If the quality area of the system was manage properly the specification was have been clear and complete Risk: If the risk had been managed effectively they might have been able to abundant the project earlier. Communication: If communication was managed all changes and delay would be communicated in a timely. Human resources: skilled resources would be acquired and utilized. Integrated Change Control If TAURUS had an integrated change control they might have been able to influence the factors that create changes to ensure that changes are beneficial and control the scope of the project. Changes would be communicated to top management and steering committee in a timely manner and they would be able to manage these changes as they occur because change control is a critical success factors. Project Management Issues Poor Management of triple constraints SCOPE TAURUS managers failed to control and monitor the scope of the project TIME Management failed to define maintain and utilize clear timetables with small milestones COST Management failed to maintain and track change to the project budget Additionally, the budget and time constraints of the projects were seen to be a differentiator to their success. Goulielmos (2003) states that of the four concepts of failure in Information Systems is process failure where the project over runs its budget or time constrictions. TAURUS did both incurring increasing media attention and scrutiny, which led to an increase in pressure on the project team (Head, 2001). Conclusion Throughout the project there were several warning signs that were missed. The project completion date was delayed 100% Constantly changing requirements Project not being accepted by major stakeholders Incomplete specifications 100% over cost. Fragmentation of the project (components to work together) Appraisal of leading system development methodologies Waterfall Model This is the most common and classic of life cycle models, also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model.   It is very simple to understand and use.   In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed in its entirety before the next phase can begin.   At the end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard the project.   Unlike what I mentioned in the general model, phases do not overlap in a waterfall model. Waterfall Life Cycle Model Advantages Simple and easy to use. One of the main advantages of the waterfall model is its simplicity. It is conceptually straightforward and divides the large task of building a software system into a series of cleanly divided phases, each phase dealing with a separate logical concern. It is also easy to administer in a contractual setup-as each phase is completed and its work product produced, some amount of money is given by the customer to the developing organization. The project management stakeholders are forced to correctly define the business requirements documentation (BRD) and the project management requirements. At the sometime the developers are forced to understand these thoroughly before they start writing the software requirements specification (SRS), high level design and code. It essentially requires documentation at every stage. This gives better understanding of the requirements, the logic of the codes and tests that were conducted on the software.   Disadvantages The project scope statement needs to be detailed in infinite depth from the start because changes are not possible when using waterfall methodology. This is because the only way to amend something which has been already developed is to go back and start again. This will cause huge problems on projects where the project sponsors are indecisive and quickly causes scope creep. Project communications with the client are extremely limited being either at the beginning or at the end of the development. In between, there is no way in which one can get feedback or potentially clarify any confusion over what the requirement actually means. The knock on effect is that it is up to the project team to make the key decisions on what requirements can be developed within the timeframes required, and what is developed later in a later deployment release by project planning in teams. This not only increases the overall time required to develop the software but also means that despite the teams best efforts, the customer may still be extremely unhappy with the end product delivered. Key team members stay idle for long durations. You see Waterfall does not operate on a matrix basis which makes project resource management an extremely rigid activity. Basically those allocated to the project stay on it until that phase is over. This as we can imagine, has a direct knock on effect on the project budget. It is a very inflexible method which does not entertain any change in requirements and which makes any subsequent functionality changes required extremely difficult and expensive to implement. As such the fast pace of changing requirements determined makes this methodology difficult to use and calls for more quick methods of software development such as agile methodology. Prototyping Model This is a cyclic version of the linear model. In this model, once the requirement analysis is done and the design for a prototype is made, the development process gets started. Once the prototype is created, it is given to the customer for evaluation. The customer tests the package and gives his/her feed back to the developer who refines the product according to the customers exact expectation. After a finite number of iterations, the final software package is given to the customer. In this methodology, the software is evolved as a result of periodic shuttling of information between the customer and developer. This is the most popular development model in the contemporary IT industry. Most of the successful software products have been developed using this model as it is very difficult to comprehend all the requirements of a customer in one shot. Advantages For example, design documents, a test plan, and a test case specification are not needed during the development of the prototype. Another important cost-cutting measure is to reduce testing. Because testing consumes a major part of development expenditure during regular software development, this has a considerable impact in reducing costs. By using these types of cost cutting methods, it is possible to keep the cost of the prototype to less than a few percent of the total development cost. Overall, prototyping is well suited for projects where requirements are hard to determine and the confidence in the stated requirements is low. In such projects where requirements are not properly understood in the beginning, using the prototyping process model can be the most effective method for developing the software. It is also an excellent technique for reducing some types of risks associated with a project. Agile Methodology Agile methodology is an approach to project management, typically used in software development. It helps teams respond to the unpredictability of building software through incremental, iterative work cadences, 10 Key Principles of Agile Software Development, Active user involvement is imperative 2. The team must be empowered to make decisions 3. Requirements evolve but the timescale is fixed 4. Capture requirements at a high level; lightweight visual 5. Develop small, incremental releases and iterate 6. Focus on frequent delivery of products 7. Complete each feature before moving on to the next 8. Apply the 80/20 rule 9. Testing is integrated throughout the project lifecycle test early and often 10. A collaborative cooperative approach between all stakeholders is essential IT/IS Projects Fail. And How Agile Principles Help Common cause of failure How agile helps Project Initiation Planning Issues Poor definition of project scope and objectives Agile projects also benefit from clear definition of scope and objectives, even though details are allowed to emerge throughout the development. Insufficient time or money given to project If only agile could solve this! Long or unrealistic timescales; forcing project end dates despite best estimates Agile projects encourage short and regular iterations, developing the software and delivering working product in small bite size pieces. Technical Requirements Issues Poor or no requirements definition; incomplete or changing requirements Agile projects expect requirements to be incomplete and changing. Thats the nature of software. Instead of resisting this, agile projects provide for it by allowing requirements are allowed to emerge and evolve. Requirements being produced on a feature-by-feature basis, just in time to be developed, help with definition because it breaks this intensive task into small pieces instead of being a mammoth effort up front. Unfamiliar or changing technologies; lack of required technical skills Agile methods dont help directly with this issue, although can help to surface such issues early, and make them visible. Stakeholder Management Team Issues Inadequate visibility of project status Agile projects provide clear visibility of measurable progress on a daily basis. Project team members lack experience and do not have the required skills Agile principles may help to surface such issues early, as they may well be evident in early iterations of the software. Frequent delivery of iterations and continuous testing can help to mitigate this risk when it might otherwise go unnoticed until much later in the project. Poor collaboration, communication and teamwork Close cooperation and collaboration between all stakeholders is essential. Project Management Issues Weak ongoing management; inadequately trained or inexperienced project managers Agile methods and principles are just management tools. A fool with a tool is still a fool! Ineffective time and cost management Daily visibility of measurable progress. Conclusion The most Causes for Software Projects to fail Changes in Requirements Classical Software Development life cycles assume that the requirements are fixed at the beginning of the project, Customer only sees the product at the end of the software development, Customer is not aware of the current status of the Software Development. This happens due to changes in the Business environment, as the customer uses a software module, he/she will see new features that are necessary All modern software development methodologies (such as Agile) encourage shorter iterations, usually iterations are measured in weeks, and the developers demo the new features during the meetings with the customer at the end of each iteration. The customer can provide valuable feedback that will ensure that the software developed will meet the customers actual requirements.

The University Health System Should Distribute the Morning After Pill E

The University Health System Should Distribute the Morning After Pill The United States of America is known for many of its outlandish and outrageous statistics in comparison to other countries. Statistics regarding obesity, homicide rates, and political issues have displayed many of the nation?s weak points. However, the amount of teen pregnancy has become so excessive that it is becoming a cry for help and a statistic that is greatly standing out and can no longer be ignored. In 1999 about one million teenagers experienced a pregnancy. This rate was twice the amount in England, Wales, and Canada and nine times greater than that of the Netherlands and Japan. About 78% of these American teenage pregnancies were said to be unplanned. (The Alan Guttmacher Institute home page) The country has come up with many solutions to this problem, yet nearly every solution has caused ethical debate. The use of contraception is rejected by many religions and groups of people; while the option of abortion, is even more widely rejected. Many Christian religions stand firm on preventing the use of either contraception or abortion as well as sex outside wedlock. Other religions such as Judiasm, Muslims, and Hinduisms also stand against it. Politicians are also known for taken a stand on the issue, as those running on a conservative platform (Republicans) are more likely to go against. The liberals (Democrats) stress the need for womens? right to chose and consistently fight for the continuation of the practice of abortion. Although, the younger generations are more accepting of these options, does that mean it is the right decision? One quick fix to pregnancy began years ago with the introduction of the condom. This method of contraception h... ... at an early age is a fear for many young women in high school and college. About 70% of the high school age students that become pregnant will finish high school but fail to continue there education in college. (The Alan Guttmacher Institute facts and statistics on teen pregnancy home page). Many young women have goals and dreams that are sometimes shattered due to an unexpected visitor. One night can change the lives of these students and they should have an option if a mistake is made or an accident happens. If women on the James Madison University campus had the choice to receive the morning-after pill from the Health Center and take it, then there would be a lot less stress in the lives of these young women. Knowing that if something unexpected where to happen, that there is a solution, is a good feeling to have for the woman of this college university campus.

Personal Statment

Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud and how does it relate to the person you are? I have been playing keyboard for about five years, which I really enjoy, I got my keyboard lessons from Melody International School of Music. My music school has recitals each year for it's students show what they have learned over the year.After attending the music school for about two years, my Instructor told me that I was dead for my first recital, which I was really exited for, since I started attending the music school I have always wanted to perform on a stage and have an audience to Impress. But I didn't know the preparation for the recital and the recital Itself would teach me a great life long lesson that I would need In life. It was December when my Instructor told me we were going to have our recital In about three months.He also told me that it was going to be a â€Å"bit† hard for me because I had to perform with al the students, at first I thought to myself he was just joking until he handed me a pile of paper, which were the notes of the songs the students choose to perform at the recital. At last he added I had three months to practice all one hundred and thirteen songs and to master them better than the performer, at that moment I felt so much pressure on myself, and so stressed out like the recital was tomorrow and I wasn't ready.I did what every person would do, panic because this was my first recital, and I had to perform on stage for two hours. But I had no choice I got to work, I practiced everyday for more than two hours each day and in addition to that I had to go to music studios every Sunday to practice with all of the students. There where days that I Just gave up on myself and I felt like I sucked but I still kept practicing, with in a month I saw progress, I could play the notes very well but still need to work on it but most importantly I didn't feel so bad about myself and there was less pressure on me.The three months passed so quick I felt I was sleep the whole time but I had been racketing and I had mastered all of the songs and I was ready to impress my audience. The recital was on March second, all of the students had to dress nice and professional, I wore a white shirt with black pants and black shoes. As my dad was driving me to the auditorium I felt so calm and relaxed because I knew that I was ready and I believe in myself and so did my Instructor.The guests started arriving slowly and by like thirty minutes the auditorium was full of people and the host stepped on to the stage and welcomed the guest and Introduced the Instructors and old to the audience that he wanted to Introduce a special person and at that moment I heard footsteps that were coming toward me and turned back and saw It was my Instructor witch came and grabbed me on my arm and told me to stand up and all of a sud den I heard my name over the speakers and he pulled me on to the stage and Introduced me to the audience and gave me a trophy, as the most valued musician at Melody International School of Music.I felt it was a dream, I could believe for her sit. The recital started and I was in a very good mood I performed very well ring the first session of the recital and the one half was remaining but I wasn't worried about it. After the second half ended they handed each student a trophy and the host finished the program.When everything was finished I felt so blessed that everything went so smooth, and felt the pressure was off me when I got it the day my instructor told me about everything about the recital. Everyone was so proud of me, my parents, my instructor, my family member, even some of the audience member congratulated me, and my family and that's was where I know I made my audience impressed.

The Future of Management

The Future of Management Numerous factors have and will continue to change the practice of management. Advancing technology, changing demographics including an aging workforce and vast diversity in the workforce, and globalization are just a few of the changes facing managers today. These factors will continue to change the ways in which managers manage. In this paper, I will talk about how globalization will change the future of management, and how it will affect new management concepts and trends.The world of today is not the world that existed years agonor will it be the same tomorrow. Globalization has brought enormous changes to the world of business and it has changed many aspects of the management world. Nayan Chanda (2002) an editor of YaleGlobal Online states that globalization is a trend that has intensified and accelerated in recent decades and come into full view with all its benefits and destructive power. Just as climate has shaped the environment over the millennia, the interaction among cultu res and societies over tens of thousands of years has resulted in the increasing integration of what is becoming the global human community.à º ¥Ã  º ²Ã  º §: à º Ã  º ²Ã  ºâ„¢Ã  ºË†Ã  º ±Ã  ºâ€Ã  º Ã  º ²Ã  ºâ„¢Ã  ºâ€¢Ã  »â€°Ã  º ­Ã  ºâ€¡...They both decide what needs to be done; they create networks or teams of people and relationships to complete projects or daily tasks while ensuring that employees accomplish these tasks. Leadership also has implementation process of aligning people to a desired vision as well as inspiring employees to follow that vision. Leadership does not provide consistency, but creates change through developing a vision of the organizational future as well as strategies to achieve that vision.Management oversees the work of their employees. In a successful management role, managers coach, nurture, and empower workers to use their skills and expertise to provide a positive outcome. Managers also inspire efficiency, productivity, and creativity by provid ing direction as well as their support. For example, managers focus on various training programs, such as communication skills, technology, knowledge, problem solving, mission, vision and values. Management performs the yearly...

Marriage Words

Marriage Words Marriage Words Marriage Words By Maeve Maddox In my reading last night, I discovered a new marriage word: hypergamy [hye-PER-guh-mee]: marriage with a partner of higher social standing. Cinderella’s marriage to the prince is an example of hypergamy. Hypergamy belongs to a group of English words formed with -gamy, a suffix derived from Greek words for husband, wife, and marry. The presence of this suffix indicates that a word has something to do with marriage or reproduction. Most of these words relate to botany or biology, but several apply to people. bigamy: marriage with a second wife or husband when already married. Bigamy became a criminal offense in England and Wales in 1640, and a federal offense in the United States in 1862. deuterogamy: marriage a second time; marriage after the death of a first husband or wife. digamy: another word for deuterogamy. endogamy: (anthropology) The custom of marrying only within the limits of a clan or tribe. exogamy: (anthropology) The custom by which a man is bound to take a wife outside his own clan or group. hypergamy: marriage with a partner of higher social standing. homogamy: marriage between partners of equal social status. hypogamy: marriage of a woman into a lower caste or into a tribe of lower standing than her own. misogamy: hatred of or opposition to marriage. monogamy: The condition, rule, or custom of being married to only one person at a time. Once it meant not remarrying after the death of a first spouse. pantagamy: A communal system of marriage in which all the men and women of a household or community are regarded as married to each other polygamy: The practice or custom of having more than one spouse at the same time. octogamy: Marriage with eight spouses (successively or at the same time). Even the much-married Wife of Bath had only five husbands, but several modern celebrities have achieved the status of octogamist. Note on pantagamy: In 1848, an American preacher, John Humphrey Noyes, founded a communal religious settlement at Oneida, New York. Noyes is credited with having coined the term â€Å"free love.† The community supported itself by manufacturing silverware, leather bags, woven hats, and garden furniture. Possessiveness and exclusive sexual relationships were frowned upon, with the result that members recognized something called â€Å"complex marriage†: any member was free to have sex with any other consenting member. The community was dissolved in 1881 and the practice of pantagamy ended. Its silver manufacturing operation went on to become Oneida Limited, a company still headquartered near the site of the defunct community, although the manufacturing has been outsourced abroad. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?10 Terms for the Common People

Company in Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Company in Crisis - Essay Example Research questions: taking failure as a phenomenon in everyday life that ought to be crossed either by winning or not we are left with the questions about the ways to win the debacle. In a business firm that faces distress, the big boss must get himself equipped with the capabilities to retrieve answers to questions on the cause and depth of the crisis and then questions regarding the salvation process are to be evolved. The purpose of the research that I conduct is to elucidate answers for these questions about the cause and depth of the distress simultaneously finding the way in which organisation culture has to be reformed or remodelled to get the favourable results in the turnaround process. Changing the organisation culture or cultural renewal is the vital part of the turnaround process, since culture is the base of the entire realm of a business. The methodology of turnaround comprises mainly of grass root changes. Turnaround decisions are hard to conceive, although everybody i n a crisis torn company is eagerly waiting for a fresh mechanism to thrive. I have collected feedback data from many companies worldwide that underwent crisis management and companies that foresaw the crisis and adopted prudent approaches to circumvent the crisis. The research papers and journals on the subject of crisis management were of highly helpful in my research. Throughout the search I found that a strategic change was a must in the turnaround endeavour. A company shows symptoms of distress in six ways. They are: 1. Dividend reduction 2. Plant closing. 3. Losses. 4. Lay offs. 5. CEO resignations. 6. Plummeting stock prices. Operating losses of a company results in the reduction of its capital leading the firm towards bankruptcy. In Kenya, companies such as Barclays Bank, Standard Chartered and National Oil Corp are laying off their staff. Many a companies are left with options to take turnaround steps in the following ways only. 1. Disposing of real property. 2. Merging with other firms. 3. Reducing capital spending on R & D. 4. Issuing new shares. 5. Negotiating with creditors. 6. Liquidation. 7. Lay offs. Of these a successful negotiation with the creditors to extend the duration of debt servicing, interest and paying period fetches a good result of saving the company from liquidation. (Jonah Aiyabei, 2000). 1.1 CAUSE OF THE CRISIS Corporate misconduct is the root cause of crisis to creep in a company. The direction of movement of corporate behaviour is normally from top to the bottom. Integrity must permeate a company from the level of chief executive who are supposed to blend ethical values to their traits of integrity. The survey results of the Investor Responsibility Research Center, Washington D.C., survey of board practices and pay, 2004 delineates that an internal campaign organised by the CEOs emphasises the company was taking the reforms seriously and provide an opportunity for discussion among the employees. Responses received from many of the respondents revealed an inability and impossibility to legislate morality and ethics and at the same time greed was felt at the core of many of the past problems. A grade point average (GPA) of 2.6 in the field of accounting management encompassed the view of the respondents that CEOs should meet with department heads and create a direct

Harold Lasswell's theory of the socialization Essay

Harold Lasswell's theory of the socialization - Essay Example This is why even the best of governments are known as necessary evils. The difference between the society and the government is that the society has unlimited wants whereas the government is a source of the so called ‘wickedness’. For instance, Friedrich Engels attacked the state by stating that the important fact about the state on religion is that it puts the anxiety of mankind before itself. Often, it has been said that only those who are corrupted seek power. Political affairs are a much variegated web of many vices and virtues along with a small possibility of truth and false hood of every shape interwoven (Lasswell 8). Moreover, politicians and statesmen are compared to men who are skillful in juggling and making all kinds of incantations and tricks of all kinds. With this kind of men it is very difficult to escape their influence. In spite of all the evil associated with power, not everything about power is a symbol of evil. Power can be used for worthy purposes by the good and the strong. Not all those with power work for strange and cunning occults arts to gain power and keep it. As for those who believe that power is evil, the sometimes agree that not all who use power are evildoers. On the contrary, some men in power have been named as the heroes of mankind, great men in history, liberators, founders of nations and even statesmen (Lasswell 9). From this perspective, power, personality and government are judged favorably. Recent expansions and discoveries in the psychological, social and medical science have added to the knowledge of power and those who seek power. From a social political objective, there is instrumentation of democratic values. The connection between power and personality can be associated with service of human dignity. According to Lasswell, power is an interpersonal situation; those who hold power are empowered (10). As long as those in power give